@Component and Further Stereotype Annotations

The @Repository annotation is a marker for any class that fulfills the role or stereotype of a repository (also known as Data Access Object or DAO). Among the uses of this marker is the automatic translation of exceptions, as described in Exception Translation.

Spring provides further stereotype annotations: @Component, @Service, and @Controller. @Component is a generic stereotype for any Spring-managed component. @Repository, @Service, and @Controller are specializations of @Component for more specific use cases (in the persistence, service, and presentation layers, respectively). Therefore, you can annotate your component classes with @Component, but, by annotating them with @Repository, @Service, or @Controller instead, your classes are more properly suited for processing by tools or associating with aspects. For example, these stereotype annotations make ideal targets for pointcuts. @Repository, @Service, and @Controller can also carry additional semantics in future releases of the Spring Framework. Thus, if you are choosing between using @Component or @Service for your service layer, @Service is clearly the better choice. Similarly, as stated earlier, @Repository is already supported as a marker for automatic exception translation in your persistence layer.

参考资料

Spring Framework Documentation

@Component注解源码

package org.springframework.stereotype;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

/**
 * Indicates that an annotated class is a "component".
 * Such classes are considered as candidates for auto-detection
 * when using annotation-based configuration and classpath scanning.
 *
 * <p>Other class-level annotations may be considered as identifying
 * a component as well, typically a special kind of component:
 * e.g. the {@link Repository @Repository} annotation or AspectJ's
 * {@link org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect @Aspect} annotation.
 *
 * @author Mark Fisher
 * @since 2.5
 * @see Repository
 * @see Service
 * @see Controller
 * @see org.springframework.context.annotation.ClassPathBeanDefinitionScanner
 */
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Indexed
public @interface Component {

	/**
	 * The value may indicate a suggestion for a logical component name,
	 * to be turned into a Spring bean in case of an autodetected component.
	 * @return the suggested component name, if any (or empty String otherwise)
	 */
	String value() default "";

}

使用场景

当你不确定是属于哪一层的时候使用。对那些比较中立的类使用。

@Controller注解源码

package org.springframework.stereotype;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

import org.springframework.core.annotation.AliasFor;

/**
 * Indicates that an annotated class is a "Controller" (e.g. a web controller).
 *
 * <p>This annotation serves as a specialization of {@link Component @Component},
 * allowing for implementation classes to be autodetected through classpath scanning.
 * It is typically used in combination with annotated handler methods based on the
 * {@link org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping} annotation.
 *
 * @author Arjen Poutsma
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @since 2.5
 * @see Component
 * @see org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping
 * @see org.springframework.context.annotation.ClassPathBeanDefinitionScanner
 */
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Component
public @interface Controller {

	/**
	 * The value may indicate a suggestion for a logical component name,
	 * to be turned into a Spring bean in case of an autodetected component.
	 * @return the suggested component name, if any (or empty String otherwise)
	 */
	@AliasFor(annotation = Component.class)
	String value() default "";

}

使用场景

控制层，用于标注控制层组件。

@Service注解源码

package org.springframework.stereotype;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

import org.springframework.core.annotation.AliasFor;

/**
 * Indicates that an annotated class is a "Service", originally defined by Domain-Driven
 * Design (Evans, 2003) as "an operation offered as an interface that stands alone in the
 * model, with no encapsulated state."
 *
 * <p>May also indicate that a class is a "Business Service Facade" (in the Core J2EE
 * patterns sense), or something similar. This annotation is a general-purpose stereotype
 * and individual teams may narrow their semantics and use as appropriate.
 *
 * <p>This annotation serves as a specialization of {@link Component @Component},
 * allowing for implementation classes to be autodetected through classpath scanning.
 *
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @since 2.5
 * @see Component
 * @see Repository
 */
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Component
public @interface Service {

	/**
	 * The value may indicate a suggestion for a logical component name,
	 * to be turned into a Spring bean in case of an autodetected component.
	 * @return the suggested component name, if any (or empty String otherwise)
	 */
	@AliasFor(annotation = Component.class)
	String value() default "";

}

使用场景

业务层，用于标注业务逻辑层组件。

@Repository注解源码

package org.springframework.stereotype;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

import org.springframework.core.annotation.AliasFor;

/**
 * Indicates that an annotated class is a "Repository", originally defined by
 * Domain-Driven Design (Evans, 2003) as "a mechanism for encapsulating storage,
 * retrieval, and search behavior which emulates a collection of objects".
 *
 * <p>Teams implementing traditional Java EE patterns such as "Data Access Object"
 * may also apply this stereotype to DAO classes, though care should be taken to
 * understand the distinction between Data Access Object and DDD-style repositories
 * before doing so. This annotation is a general-purpose stereotype and individual teams
 * may narrow their semantics and use as appropriate.
 *
 * <p>A class thus annotated is eligible for Spring
 * {@link org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException DataAccessException} translation
 * when used in conjunction with a {@link
 * org.springframework.dao.annotation.PersistenceExceptionTranslationPostProcessor
 * PersistenceExceptionTranslationPostProcessor}. The annotated class is also clarified as
 * to its role in the overall application architecture for the purpose of tooling,
 * aspects, etc.
 *
 * <p>As of Spring 2.5, this annotation also serves as a specialization of
 * {@link Component @Component}, allowing for implementation classes to be autodetected
 * through classpath scanning.
 *
 * @author Rod Johnson
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @since 2.0
 * @see Component
 * @see Service
 * @see org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException
 * @see org.springframework.dao.annotation.PersistenceExceptionTranslationPostProcessor
 */
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Component
public @interface Repository {

	/**
	 * The value may indicate a suggestion for a logical component name,
	 * to be turned into a Spring bean in case of an autodetected component.
	 * @return the suggested component name, if any (or empty String otherwise)
	 */
	@AliasFor(annotation = Component.class)
	String value() default "";

}

使用场景

持久层，用于标注数据访问组件，即DAO组件。

小结

spring 2.5 中除了提供 @Component 注释外，还定义了几个拥有特殊语义的注释，它们分别是：@Repository、@Service 和 @Controller。在目前的 Spring 版本中，这 3 个注释和 @Component 是等效的。但是从注释类的命名上，容易看出这 3 个注释分别和持久层、业务层和控制层（Web 层）相对应。

虽然目前这 3 个注释和 @Component 相比没有什么新意，但 Spring 将在以后的版本中为它们添加特殊的功能。所以，如果 Web 应用程序采用了经典的三层分层结构。建议在持久层、业务层和控制层分别采用@Repository、@Service 和 @Controller 对分层中的类注释。而用 @Component 对那些比较中立的类注释。

在一个稍大的项目中，通常会有上百个组件。如果这些组件采用xml的bean定义来配置，会增加配置文件的体积，查找以及维护起来也不太方便。 Spring2.5为我们引入了组件自动扫描机制。他可以在类路径底下寻找标注了@Component,@Service,@Controller,@Repository注解的类，并把这些类纳入进spring容器中管理。